Unit 2 Binary/Data Terms

  • Bits: most basic unit of informartion in computing.
  • Bytes: a group of 8 digits or bits operating as one unit.
  • Hexadecimal / Nibbles: base 16 numbering system
  • Binary Numbers: numbers expressed in the base two numbering systems. they are only 0s and 1s.
  • Unsigned Integer: non-negative integers.
  • Signed Integer: 32-bit datum, encodes an integer in the range ([-2147483648 to 2147483647]).
  • Floating Point: a positive or negative whole number with a decimal point.
    • Examples: 5.2, 333.09, etc.
  • Binary Data Abstractions: reducing data to simplify it’s entirety.
  • Boolean: logical data type that can have only the values true or false.
  • ASCII: a character encoding scheme in which each character is represented by a 7-bit (originally) or 8-bit binary sequence.
  • Unicode: 16-bit character set which describes all of the keyboard characters.
  • RGB: a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.
  • Data Compression: the process of encoding data so that is needs fewer bits/bytes to represent it.
  • Lossy: data encoding and compression technique that deliberately discards some data in the compression process.
  • Lossless: data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data

Unit 3 Algorithm/Programming Terms

  • Variables: a value that can change, depending on conditions or on information passed to the program.
  • Data Types
    • String (or str or text) - combination of any characters
    • Character (or char) - single letters
    • Integer (or int) - whole numbers
    • Float (or Real) - numbers that contain decimal points, or for fractions.
    • Boolean (or bool) - data is restricted to True/False or yes/no options
  • Assignment Operators - operator used to assign a new value to a variable.
  • Managing Complexity with Variables: with variables, a complex entity can be manipulated.
  • Lists: an abstract data type that represents a finite number of ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once.
  • 2D Lists: a two-dimensional array can hold more than one set of data
  • Dictionaries: an abstract data type that defines an unordered collection of data as a set of key-value pairs
  • Class: written in a in a defined structure to create an object.
  • Algorithms: a list set of instructions, used to solve problems or perform tasks.
    • Sequence: algorithms do tasks in the order of specification.
    • Selection: helps choose two different outcomes based off a decision.
    • Iteration: if a condition is true, then the code can repeat.
  • Expressions: combination of values and functions that are combined and interpreted to create a new value.
  • Comparison Operators: compare two values against one another.
  • Booleans Expressions and Selection: if a condition is true or false, there is a differnet outcome.
  • Booleans Expressions and Iteration: if a condition is true, the code repeats an earlier step.
  • Truth Tables: have two values
    • 0 = off, false
    • 1 = on, true
    • Examples
      • 0 and 0 = false. And operator means both needs to be true.
      • 0 or 1 = true. Either or.
      • Use this in conditionals (selection).
      • XOR = exclusive or.
      • Or = similar to true or false.
  • Characters: display unit of information equivalent to one alphabetic letter or symbol.
  • Strings: ordered sequences of characters.
  • Length: the number of symbols output.
  • Concatenation: operation of joining two strings together.
  • Upper: used to check if the argument contains any uppercase characters.
    • returns “True” if all characters in the string are uppercase, Otherwise, It returns “False”.
  • Lower: returns the lowercase string from the given string.
  • Traversing Strings: the process of going through a String one character at a time, often using loops.
  • Python If, Elif, Else conditionals
    • If: statement executes a piece of code when one statement is false and the following statement is true.
    • Elif: first if statement isn’t true, but want to check for another condition.
    • Else: executes if “if” isn’t true.
  • Nested Selection Statements: when more than one decision must be made before the appropriate action can be taken.
  • Python For While loops with Range with List: returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and stops before a specified number.
  • Combining loops with conditionals to Break, Continue: a statement that controls the flow of execution depending on some condition.
  • Procedural Abstraction: have variable parameters.
  • Python Def procedures: procedure allows us to group a block of code under a name, known as a procedure name.
  • Parameters: variable used in a function to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the function.
  • Return Values: function returns to the calling script or function when it completes its task.